Valence Changing Operations

-ar- (-er-, -or-)

Causative. Allomorphs occur when added to a root ending in -y- (-er-) or -w- (-or-).

-ol-

Instrumental applicative.

Aspectual (more or less)

-elid-

Indicates that the action is repeated many times over a short period or all at once, and that each individual instance is (literally or metaphorically) tiny or insignificant.

-enn-

Incohative/dynamic aspectual marker ('becomes X', 'begins to X')

-oll-

Continuous aspect.

-umb-

This is an augmentative of some sort.

-uzd-

Again, re-

Attitudinal

-ogh-

Indicates that something was done maliciously (on verbs).

Certainty

-iiv-

Indicates that the speaker is certain that what they say is true; 'certainly', 'surely', 'definitely'

-oww-

Indicates uncertainty; 'maybe', 'perhaps'

Miscellaneous

-eber-

To try (but not necessarily succeed)